Music therapy in COVID-19 patients

Background: Music therapy can be used to influence the physical and emotional state of patients diagnosed with COVID-19. An exploratory systematic review was carried out including observational studies and clinical trials, Pubmed and Scopus were the databases used to carry out the literature search. In addition, clinical trial registries from the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform are included. Objective: To explore the available medical literature on the clinical impact of music therapy in patients diagnosed with COVID-19. Development: Of 39 documents found in the search, two articles are included: a clinical trial and a case report, with a total population of 41 patients. Medical evidence is found to support the favorable clinical impact on oxygen saturation, physical rehabilitation and symptoms associated with stress in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 with and without the need for ventilatory support. Conclusions: Music therapy is a useful tool in the non-pharmacological treatment and rehabilitation of patients with COVID-19. However, new clinical studies with a larger number of sample populations and follow-up times using music therapy in this disease are necessary. © 2023, Editorial Ciencias Medicas. All rights reserved.

Long COVID, Music, Blood-Brain Barrier, and Nanomedicines

At the beginning of the first COVID-19 wave, it was believed that the life of the patients who had safely survived pulmonary complications caused by SARS-CoV-2 would soon return to normal. Today, we know that this is not for all patients the case. Unfortunately, for many patients, COVID-19 changed into Long COVID – not a life-threatening condition such as the short period of the infection with the coronavirus but with the potential to considerably reduce the quality of life. Notably, Long COVID manifests itself in major pathological alteration in the brain, besides other organs. It is unclear whether the alterations in the brain are reversible. Alterations include but are not limited to cognitive impairment and substantial reduction of grey matter. These clinical findings represent an urgent challenge for the design of nanomedicines targeting the brain and the mode of their application. The challenge comprises a third aspect, which is of physical nature and is the key to a revolution in nanomedicine: the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Even if a nanomedicine is effective in vitro, it remains therapeutically useless if it cannot cross the BBB, which safeguards that neither pathogens nor nanoparticles enter the best-protected organ in our body. Here, we present a theoretical model and discuss experimental results, which coherently indicate that it is possible to transiently open the BBB by its mechanical excitation and/or via chemical modification induced by music. © 2022, Andover House, Inc.. All rights reserved.

Statistical analysis plan for HOMESIDE: a randomised controlled trial for home-based family caregiver-delivered music and reading interventions for people living with dementia.

BACKGROUND: Most people with dementia live in the community, not in residential care. Therefore, quality informal care for them is critical for managing behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). Music therapy has been shown to reduce BPSD. However, no randomised controlled trial has examined the effects of music interventions delivered by caregivers in home settings. The HOME-based caregiver-delivered music intervention for people living with dementia (HOMESIDE) trial aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a 12-week music intervention in addition to standard care for BPSD. This article describes the statistical analysis plan. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: HOMESIDE is a large, pragmatic international three-arm parallel-group randomised controlled trial. Dyads (persons with dementia and caregiver) in Australia, Germany, the UK, Poland and Norway were randomised to receive music and standard care, reading and standard care or standard care alone. The primary outcome is BPSD (proxy) of the person living with dementia, measured using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Questionnaire (NPI-Q) at 90 and 180 days post-randomisation. Longitudinal analysis will compare NPI-Q severity between music and standard care versus standard care alone. Secondary outcomes include quality of life and depression (both person with dementia and caregiver), cognition (person with dementia only), distress, resilience, competence and caregiver-patient relationship (caregiver only). Treatment effects will be obtained at 90 and 180 days post-randomisation, where applicable. Safety outcomes (adverse events, hospitalisations, deaths) will be summarised. DISCUSSION: This statistical analysis plan provides a detailed methodology for the analysis of HOMESIDE and will improve the validity of the study and reduce the potential for bias. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12618001799246. Registered on November 05, 2018. CLINICALTRIALS: gov NCT03907748. Registered on April 09, 2019.

Online Singing Groups for People With Dementia: Adaptation and Resilience in the Face of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

INTRODUCTION: At the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, people with dementia living in the community experienced the sudden loss of their usual activities, and videoconferencing was widely adopted by music groups whilst face-to-face sessions were not possible. This paper reports the findings of a proof-of-concept study of online singing for people living with dementia and their carers, focusing on the experiences of the participants. METHOD: People with dementia and their care partners were invited to take part in 10 weeks of online singing sessions. Each session lasted 1 hour, and comprised time for talking, warming up and singing familiar songs. Participants completed standardised outcome measures at baseline and after 10 weeks. Dyads were invited to take part in a semi-structured interview. RESULTS: In total, 16 pairs were recruited. The response to the online singing group was mostly positive. Participants were able to use the technology to join the sessions, and reported few technical problems. Despite the limitations of online singing, the experience was frequently reported to be enjoyable. Some participants described longer-term benefits, such as improved mood and better relationship between care partners. Some felt online sessions had advantages over face-to-face ones; for example, they were more accessible. However, participants who had previously been attending face-to-face sessions felt that the online singing was a "better than nothing" substitute. CONCLUSIONS: Online singing cannot recreate the experience of group singing face-to-face, and it requires some technical knowledge, but it provides a worthwhile alternative in a time of need for some people with dementia and their carers. Furthermore, for some people online singing may be preferable due to its accessibility. Given the potential for online singing to include people who cannot go out for any reason and its relatively low cost, providers may wish to consider hybrid online/in-person singing groups in future.

Prevalence and Coping Strategies of Postnatal Depression among Women in Bayelsa State, Nigeria

This study examined the prevalence and coping strategies of Postnatal Depression (PND) among mothers in Bayelsa, the state of Nigeria. The general aim was to describe the level of PND experienced by women and the methods they adopt to cope with this syndrome. This study was a cross-sectional survey of 345 women with babies between 1-6 weeks old. The women were selected purposively at health and maternity centres and clinics in Bayelsa state. A structured questionnaire was used in data collection. The data gathered were analysed using univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses at a p=0.05 level of significance. The prevalence rate of PND ranged from mild depression (37.7%), moderate depression (3.5%) to severe depression (3.2%). There is a statistically significant relationship between socio-demographic variables and PND among mothers (p=0.000). PND prevalent among the study population exerts adverse effects on the health and cognitive development of the mother and child. However, the strategies adopted by mothers to cope with PND ranged from social support to music therapy. This study recommended that counselling of mothers during and after childbirth should be carried out as part of the routine for mothers and childcare.

Changing the narrative: Exploring how music therapy can assist adolescents dealing with race-based traumatic stress

The impact of racism on teens of color can be life-altering. Young people of color are still susceptible to the effects of racial discrimination so long as racism exists. Today's boundless access to social media has created a platform for exposing racist acts. Racism today presents itself in such forms as microaggressions, racial biases, and systemic oppression by means of policing, healthcare, housing, and education. This chapter explores those options through the framework of race-related trauma. Throughout adolescence, the formation of identity can predict either a successful sense of identity or a fall into a role of confusion. The healthy development of racial identity for an adolescent of color is essential and is not separate from identity formation. The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed the extent of racism in healthcare, economic, and living disparities. Advancements in digital technology present opportunities for autonomy in the music creation process for adolescents. This makes therapeutic songwriting a powerful intervention, as it addresses these ideals. Music therapy provides the opportunity to practice an uncommon form of cultural humility and rapport. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

The Risk Mitigation Decision-Making Model for Music Therapy Services During the Covid-19 Pandemic

When the Covid-19 pandemic began, music therapists moved quickly to adapt services across many clinical settings. Many music therapists shifted their service delivery model to telepractice. Music therapists also worked to adapt in-person services to integrate the emerging risk mitigation strategies required or recommended by various public health bodies and healthcare organizations. When public health circumstances are changing rapidly, how do music therapists make decisions regarding service delivery and risk mitigation, while balancing the requirements of public health directives and organization policies? Considering evidence-based practice and ethical thinking, we propose a risk mitigation decision-making model for providing clinical music therapy services during the Covid-19 pandemic. We consider the intersection of public health guidelines and orders, service delivery options (i.e. telepractice), and risk mitigation strategies for in-person services. Case studies follow, as well as discussion of how to use this model in future public health crises.

Care, compassion, & controversy: Supporting children in a COVID-19 vaccine pod through music therapy & child life

The Covid-19 pandemic has had a trajectory punctuated by controversy, from understanding the virus itself to the development of therapeutics and a vaccine. The offering of vaccination to children through a destination Covid-19 vaccine pod fore grounded the need for procedural support within a psychosocial reality of children and families navigating the pandemic. Children receiving the Covid-19 vaccine benefitted from a synthesis of music therapy and child life services into a comprehensive approach that proved essential for not only the child, but for personal caregivers, and very often the nursing staff administering the vaccine itself. This article presents the praxis of psychoeducational interventions, psychotherapeutic support, and procedural support including both pre- and post-procedural interventions to support children receiving the Covid-19 vaccine. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Live and recorded music interventions for management of delirium symptoms in acute geriatric patients: Protocol for a randomized feasibility trial

Introduction Delirium is an acute alteration in attention, awareness, arousal, and cognition, precipitated by a sudden illness and highly prevalent in older, frail and acutely hospitalized patients. It is associated with poor outcomes, and few effective treatment alternatives. Non-pharmacological interventions and music show promising effects, warranting further research. This pilot randomized repeated measures trial aims to test feasibility of the trial methodology, acceptability, fidelity and safety of the music interventions, suitability of the effect-outcomes. and preliminary effectiveness. Method Acute geriatric patients with delirium or subsyndromal delirium will be randomized to Preferred Recorded Music (n = 30) or Preferred Live Music (n = 30), delivered for 30 minutes, over three consecutive days. Planned feasibility outcomes will comprise recruitment rate, retention and attrition rates, percentage of adherence, deviations rates, and success of treatment fidelity. Clinical outcomes will include: (a) trajectory of delirium symptoms: level of arousal as assessed by Observational Scale of Level of Arousal (OSLA) and modified Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale (mRASS);attention, assessed using backwards tests and digit span tests;orientation and short-term memory, assessed using recall tasks and orientation questions from Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale, (b) duration of delirium, (c) length of hospital stay, and (d) use of PRN medication (benzodiazepines and antipsychotics). Discussion The trial will provide results needed to design a subsequent sufficiently powered RCT, informing on the expected recruitment, feasibility and acceptability of the interventions and assessments and preliminary effectiveness (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Arts Therapies and the Mental Health of Children and Young People: Contemporary Research, Theory and Practice, Volume 1

Carter reviews Arts Therapies and the Mental Health of Children and Young People: Contemporary Research, Theory and Practice edited by U. Herrmann, M H. De Zárate, & S. Pitruzzella.

Online group music therapy: proactive management of undergraduate students' stress and anxiety.

Introduction: In alignment with the World Health Organization's (WHO) goal to provide comprehensive and integrated mental health services in community-based settings, this randomized control trial explored the efficacy of online group music therapy as a proactive intervention for reducing stress and anxiety in university students who do not necessarily have a diagnosis. Methods: The study took place during COVID-19 restrictions. Students who volunteered were randomly assigned to 6 weeks of weekly (1) online active group music therapy, (2) online receptive group music therapy, (3) online group verbal therapy (standard of care), or (4) no-intervention (control group). Students rated their stress (Likert scale) and anxiety [State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, State version (STAI-S)], and provided heart rate variability (HRV) using a phone app, pre and post each therapy session. Results: STAI-S and Likert stress scores significantly reduced from pre to post 45-min online music therapy sessions, with moderate evidence that these changes did not differ from the standard of care (verbal therapy). HRV results were not analyzed statistically as HRV collection was likely compromised due to challenges of remote collection. Students completed the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and provided a hair sample for cortisol analysis before and after the 6-week intervention. Changes in stress from week 1 to week 6 were not observed in the PSS measure; however, cortisol increased significantly in the control group as the term progressed, while it remained relatively stable in the therapy groups, suggesting therapy may lead to greater control of stress. Of participants' demographic characteristics, music sophistication, personality, and changes in quality of life, only the personality trait of conscientiousness correlated significantly with PSS, suggesting online group therapy may be beneficial for a wide range of university students. Discussion: The results suggest group music therapy can be as effective as group verbal therapy. Further, the study indicates that online delivery can be achieved effectively, supporting the idea that remote therapy may be a viable option for other populations. While the study should be replicated with a larger multi-site sample, it provides one example toward achieving a health-promoting culture on university campuses, consistent with the mental health goals of the Okanagan Charter.

Questioning Potentials of the Electrorganic aFrame in Music Therapy: Two Client Case Studies with a Single Music Therapist

A multi-phase investigation was conducted to question potentials within music therapy of a new electrorganic frame drum musical instrument from Japan titled the ‘aFrame'. Two professional music therapists collaborated in this third phase of testing under the work in progress. One of the two music therapists tested the aFrame within numerous sessions with two profoundly disabled clients across generations i.e., an adolescent male and an adult woman. Observations including video recordings as baseline analysis. A goal of the study was to identify strengths and weaknesses of the new instrument in the field of (re)habilitation, especially across spectrums of those with profound dysfunction, special needs situations, and across ages. A goal of the overall work of some four decades, titled SoundScapes, is to achieve an ultimate compendium of tools for human performance to create specific interactive environments to support therapists, caregivers, and for own self-training through engaged and motivated creativity, self-expression, and play. Such environments as created by the first author have been used in his stage performances and installations (e.g., at Museums of Modern Art). The tools are thus considered transdisciplinarity forming a new holistic approach aligned to his six patents. Results from the investigation question the contextual potential of the aFrame due to a typical lack of motoric control aligned to the fragility and expense of the instrument – challenges were evident for those with diminished or lack of physical limb control. To optimize use, add-on footswitches and pedals are recommended with the aFrame instrument. These give added options including remote switching and an audio streaming interface mixer for optimal Online streaming of instrument (and voice) that would have been especially useful during the Coronavirus pandemic so that the music therapists could have continued their interactions with clients remotely (i.e., beyond video conferencing quality). Alternatives to the aFrame are posit and selected from the new generation of instruments and pedals controlling digital media as presented at the end of the text. © 2023, ICST Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering.

NEI Congress 2023

The proceedings contain 53 papers. The topics discussed include: clinical study of lurasidone combined with nutritional intervention strategy in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia;analysis of clinical medication scheme and nursing measures of acute stress disorder complicated with delirium under the COVID-19;a study on the mental state of prisoners near the end of their sentence caused by a psychological anxiety case;a clinical study on the effect of peperidone combined with cognitive behavioral therapy on symptoms of schizophrenia;the clinical effect of feedforward control nursing combined with methylphenidate sustained-release tablets on children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder;study on the effect of community legal consciousness health management on cognitive function of senile patients;effects of special sports training on autonomic nervous regulation;a study of positive intervention of music therapy and neurofeedback on negative emotions and attention in college students;and alleviating effect of the geriatric care system integrating physical and psychological on the common mental problems of the elderly.

Aged brain and neuroimmune responses to COVID-19: post-acute sequelae and modulatory effects of behavioral and nutritional interventions.

Advanced age is one of the significant risk determinants for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related mortality and for long COVID complications. The contributing factors may include the age-related dynamical remodeling of the immune system, known as immunosenescence and chronic low-grade systemic inflammation. Both of these factors may induce an inflammatory milieu in the aged brain and drive the changes in the microenvironment of neurons and microglia, which are characterized by a general condition of chronic inflammation, so-called neuroinflammation. Emerging evidence reveals that the immune privilege in the aging brain may be compromised. Resident brain cells, such as astrocytes, neurons, oligodendrocytes and microglia, but also infiltrating immune cells, such as monocytes, T cells and macrophages participate in the complex intercellular networks and multiple reciprocal interactions. Especially changes in microglia playing a regulatory role in inflammation, contribute to disturbing of the brain homeostasis and to impairments of the neuroimmune responses. Neuroinflammation may trigger structural damage, diminish regeneration, induce neuronal cell death, modulate synaptic remodeling and in this manner negatively interfere with the brain functions.In this review article, we give insights into neuroimmune interactions in the aged brain and highlight the impact of COVID-19 on the functional systems already modulated by immunosenescence and neuroinflammation. We discuss the potential ways of these interactions with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and review proposed neuroimmune mechanisms and biological factors that may contribute to the development of persisting long COVID conditions. We summarize the potential mechanisms responsible for long COVID, including inflammation, autoimmunity, direct virus-mediated cytotoxicity, hypercoagulation, mitochondrial failure, dysbiosis, and the reactivation of other persisting viruses, such as the Cytomegalovirus (CMV). Finally, we discuss the effects of various interventional options that can decrease the propagation of biological, physiological, and psychosocial stressors that are responsible for neuroimmune activation and which may inhibit the triggering of unbalanced inflammatory responses. We highlight the modulatory effects of bioactive nutritional compounds along with the multimodal benefits of behavioral interventions and moderate exercise, which can be applied as postinfectious interventions in order to improve brain health.

Psychocosmetology - the opportunity to reduce stress in a beauty salon with the use of music therapy, massage, yoga, and meditation

Excessive, uncontrolled stress adversely affects the human body. The COVID-19 pandemic contributed to increased stress levels in society. The use of stress reduction techniques, proposed by psychocosmetology, such as massage, music therapy, yoga, and meditation, in beauty salons can bring many benefits including stress release. The aim of this article was the analyze the respondent's opinions about stress reduction in beauty salons by performing psychocosmetology. In addition, the relationship between appearance and wellbeing was also examined. The results of the study confirmed the influence of using stress reduction methods on the client's wellbeing, as well as the mutual influence of appearance and comfort. © 2022 by the Author(s).

Towards change in the identity of music therapists through digitalisation

Accelerated by the corona pandemic, the opportunities and challenges of digitalisation are also increasingly important in music therapy. This article deals with the use of digital music technologies and online settings in music therapy. These are related to the previously defined identities of musician and therapist for music therapists. The authors conclude that both the German description of professional music therapy and the Kassel Theses on Music Therapy need to broaden identifying attributes. In the field of digital media and music technologies in music therapy there is an urgent need for both continuing education and study programs as well as for an (inter)national network for practice, research and instruction. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) (German) Beschleunigt durch die Coronapandemie gewinnen auch in der Musiktherapie die Chancen und Herausforderungen der Digitalisierung an Bedeutung. Der Beitrag befasst sich mit dem Einsatz von digitalen Musiktechnologien und Online-Settings in der Musiktherapie. Diese werden mit den bisher definierten Musiker.innen- und Therapeut.innenidentitaten von Musiktherapeut.innen in Beziehung gesetzt. Die Autor.innen kommen zum Ergebnis, dass sowohl im Berufsbild Musiktherapie als auch in den Kassler Thesen zur Musiktherapie die Identitatsmerkale erweitert werden mussen. Ebenso sind Angebote von musiktherapeutischen Aus- und Weiterbildungsmoglichkeiten sowie eine Vernetzung von Praxis, Forschung und Lehre im Bereich digitaler Medien und Musiktechnologien auf nationaler und internationaler Ebene dringend notwendig. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

The impact of a 12 month Music Therapy pilot on patients and staff within a NHS, in-patient, neurorehabilitation unit during the Covid-19 pandemic

Introduction: The UK Stroke pathway has been well developed since the introduction of the National Stroke Strategy in 2007 (Department of Health, 2007). Music Therapy (MT) is an AHP that has less presence within the current stroke pathway. In line with the national guidelines for Stroke rehabilitation (NICE, 2013), music therapy targets specific patient rehabilitation goals integrating a multi-disciplinary approach to therapy. Chiltern Music Therapy funded a 12-month, 1 day a week pilot MT service at Buckinghamshire Neuro Rehab Unit between 2020-2021. Method(s): The MT service comprised of a mixture of individual and group sessions. 27 patients were seen. Demographics, techniques, outcomes and feedback data was collected by the therapist, aiming to identify the benefits of MT for patients during the pandemic and how the pilot service enhanced standard therapies. Result(s): Patients accessed 86.5 hours of face-to-face (FtF) MT during the Covid-19 pandemic. 72% of SMART goals were fully or partially achieved. Data suggests MT reduces stress and anxiety, improves mood, and helps patients feel hopeful about the future;MT enhances patient engagement with therapy interventions;MT input increases patient's positive development in the areas of communication, cognition, motor skills, emotional expression, sense of self and behaviour. Staff and patient feedback was overwhelmingly positive. Conclusion(s): Introducing a MT service into existing therapy provision for stroke patients provided opportunities for FtF interaction during the Covid-19 pandemic. MT meets multiple national standards and guidelines for stroke. MT enhances patient engagement with therapy interventions, assists achieving rehab goals whilst reducing stress and anxiety and improving mood.

Learning Disability Awareness Week at Great Ormond Street Hospital

Background Learning Disability Week is an annual campaign from Mencap, dedicated to educating and raising awareness of learning disabilities. This year the theme of Learning Disability Week (20-26th June) was 'Living Life with a Learning Disability'. The campaign focuses on 'education and raising awareness about Learning Disabilities, ending discrimination and stigmas surrounding Learning Disabilities, and fighting and campaigning for equality and fair society' (Mencap). Aim The purpose of this presentation is to share examples and experiences of inclusive activities undertaken during LD Awareness week in a specialist children's hospital. Methods During the week the Learning Disability Team supported numerous guest visitors, activities and celebrations, and education sessions throughout the trust to promote awareness and engage positively with families and staff. Examples included music therapy, education, training on the use of specialist beds, and Dogs for Autism. The Learning Disability team collaborated with the Van Gogh Alive Exhibition on a spectacular display of sunflowers that brightened up the entrance of the hospital. We raised awareness by utilising Van Gogh's notable sunflower theme, as globally the sunflower is recognised as the symbol for hidden disabilities. During LD week the sunflower decals on the floor led the way to a stand in the main reception where the activities and information sharing took place. The Learning Disability team were supported during the week by Safeguarding, Play team, Neurodisability, Music Therapy, hospital school, Arts Team, communications team. Discussion Throughout the week the activities and education sessions were well attended and provided the team with a wonderful opportunity to engage with patients, families, and staff. The planning of the week took a considerate amount of time, including focus on health and safety, infection control and current COVID guidelines/social distancing measures. The support from members of multidisciplinary teams allowed for the planning and success of the week.

LIVE MUSIC AT THE ONCOLOGY BEDSIDE

Psychosocial Dimensions of Care Cancer diagnosis and treatment is one of the most complex and traumatizing life events. Cancer impedes physical, social, and emotional well-being and often generates a range of emotions including anxiety, depression, fear, sadness, anger, guilt and even shame. Studies have shown that during and after treatment patients suffer from elevated emotional distress and physical and psychological disorders. These undesirable side effects from cancer related treatment and therapy amplifies the overall stress. According to the American Music Therapy Association Music Therapy uses music to address physical, emotional, cognitive, and social needs of patients. The purpose of his project was to use music at the bedside to increase the overall quality of life and soothe the undesirable emotions associated with cancer. On our inpatient Blood and Marrow transplant unit, music at the bedside is designed to promote wellness, relaxation and to provide a sense of normalcy and a distraction with individualized, interactive and personal experience through live, virtual musical performances. In 2019 live music began with a trained artist from the Eastman Performing Art Medicine performing in-person on the unit. Schedule, budget, patient population, infection control protocols and expectations were discussed, reviewed and established. Despite the COVID-19 Pandemic, music therapy continued virtually through the use of iPads donated by a former patient with funding and provided through a grant. Informal patient and staff feedback has been positive. Qualitatively, many patients have expressed the music therapy sessions as uplifting, amazing, honorable, and unforgettable. And staff have expressed the joy of seeing patients smile from their interaction with the musician. The program has since been adopted on two other units and early anecdotal evidence show is it positive. Music at the bedside is a non-pharmacological intervention for our cancer patients. The power of music is an unrealized effective and supportive tool that affects and benefits patients emotionally, physically and spiritually. Through enhanced relaxation and interactive listening, our patients are able to experience and have shared a sense of joy, uplifting and improved mood, decreased anxiety and emotional distress and a feeling that aids them to cope with loneliness and fear.

The effects of music on sleep

Sleep is essential to human survival, yet issues with getting restful, consistent sleep are a common problem. One in three adults do not reach the recommended amount of sleep often leading to a myriad of issues, from physical illness to mental and cognitive disorders, poor work attendance, and frequent disruptions in daily life. Traumatic experiences that occur early in life can have lifelong health implications, including sleep disorders and insufficient sleep. With the advent of COVID-19, people in the United States and across the world were forced to quarantine, thereby disturbing previously established patterns of behavior, daily engagement with others, and regulated sleeping habits. Being able to rejuvenate the physical, emotional, and mental state through sleep became more important yet also more difficult amidst the stresses of the pandemic. Healthcare professionals are seeking alternate options for patient treatments relative toward achieving healthy sleeping patterns. Inclusion of music may be a contributing option to this ongoing problem because it is easily accessible and can be personalized to individual tastes. It is cost effective, cost avoidant, and avoids the risk of serious side effects. The focus of this article is to explain how music may impact sleep, and to offer suggestions that optimize sleeping patterns through the conscientious application of music and music therapy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)